輕松學(xué)英語：深扒12月份詞源來歷 發(fā)散記憶秒記N個(gè)詞

　　（來源：滬江英語）

　　As the new year starts you might have recently bought a new diary or calendar and thought ‘Where do these words come from？’ – at least that’s what I did。 There is also， of course， also the chance that you have been merrily scheduling in gym appointments and book clubs and all sorts of other details relating to New Year’s resolutions （have you kept yours so far？） but we’ll take the opportunity to add a resolution to your list： learn where we got the names for all the months of the year。 Spoilers： it’s a mixture of gods， rulers， and numbers。

　　新的一年又開始了，也許你已經(jīng)買了一本新的日記本或日歷本。你們可能有這樣的疑問：“這些月份的說法有什么樣的由來呢“？——至少我有。當(dāng)然，你們也有可能已經(jīng)制定好新年計(jì)劃，比如：制定健身計(jì)劃，預(yù)定好社團(tuán)以及其他和新年計(jì)劃有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)（你想好你的新年計(jì)劃了嗎？）。我們想借此機(jī)會(huì)在你們新計(jì)劃列表上增添上這樣一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃：了解12個(gè)月份的來歷。先小小地透露一下：它們的來歷和神、統(tǒng)治者以及數(shù)字有關(guān)。

　　　January

　　一月

　　January is named after the Roman god Janus， who presided over doors and the beginning of the year （though this is， as you will discover， not as straightforward as it seems）。 Indeed， Janus was usually depicted with two faces looking backwards and forwards， as is often characteristic of a new year； this also gave rise to the term Janus word for words that have two opposite meanings。

　　一月是以羅馬看守門戶的Janus命名的，他負(fù)責(zé)守門以及新一年的開端，盡管這樣，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它似乎不止有一面。事實(shí)上，Janus常常以兩張望向相反方向的面孔示人，這也是新的一年所具備的特點(diǎn)：既要回顧過去，又要展望未來。這樣的形象又賦予了“Janus”具有相反含義的特性。

　　February

　　二月

　　February is ultimately based on Latin februarius， from februa。 In case that’s not helped things become clearer， februa was the name of a purification feast held on the 15th of this month。 February is a divisive issue in modern pronunciation， with both Feb-yoo-ary and Feb-roo-ary being commonly heard。

　　二月形成于拉丁語“februarius”中的“februa”。考慮到大家可能還沒有明白它的意思，這邊再補(bǔ)充說明一下：“februa”是2月15日舉行的一個(gè)凈化盛宴的名字。現(xiàn)代人對(duì)February的發(fā)音持有不一樣的見解，主要有兩種讀法，第一種是Feb-yoo-ary，第二種是Feb-roo-ary。

　　March

　　三月

　　Which god gets a planet and a month named after him？ You’ve guessed it： Mars。 Why him？ As the Oxford English Dictionary notes， ‘In ancient Rome several festivals of Mars took place in March， presumably in preparation for the campaigning season， since Mars was a god of war。’

　　哪位神靈擁有一個(gè)星球并有一個(gè)月份以它命名？你也許猜是“Mars”。為什么是他呢？牛津英語詞典里標(biāo)注道：在古羅馬，幾個(gè)和火星有關(guān)的節(jié)日都發(fā)生在三月，也許這些節(jié)日都和準(zhǔn)備戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的活動(dòng)有關(guān)，因?yàn)镸ars是一位戰(zhàn)神。

　　April

　　四月

　　We know that the English word April comes from the Latin Aprillis， the fourth month of the ancient Roman calendar， but things are less clear after that。 In old English， April was also sometimes called Eastermonab， ‘Easter month’。

　　我們都知道英語單詞“April”來源于拉丁語“Aprillis”，在古羅馬的日歷上，這是第四個(gè)月，但之后的一些事情我們就不大知曉了。在古英語里“April”有時(shí)也被稱為“Eastermonab”，意為：“復(fù)活月”。

　　May

　　五月

　　The month is connected with the goddess Maia。 Perhaps less well known now than the otherdeities with months named after them， Maia （in Greek mythology） was daughter of Atlas and mother of Hermes。 She was considered a nurturer and an earth goddess， which may explain the connection with this springtime month。 Although may is a common modal verb， the month and the word are unrelated。

　　五月和神靈Maia（瑪雅）有關(guān)。瑪雅也許沒有其他神靈為人們所熟知，在希臘神話中瑪雅是Atlas（阿特拉斯）之女和Hermes（愛馬仕）之母。她被認(rèn)為是一位養(yǎng)育者和一位地球女神，這也解釋了May和春季月份的關(guān)系。may是一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但是月份的“May”和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的“may”是不相關(guān)的。

　　　June

　　六月

　　Having conceded one month to a Greek deity， we’re now back with the Romans： June is named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno， wife of Jupiter and goddess of marriage and childbirth。 June was also once sometimes known as midsummer month。

　　介紹了一位希臘神靈，現(xiàn)在我們繼續(xù)講講羅馬的神靈。“June”是以古羅馬神靈“Juno”命名的。朱諾是Jupiter（丘比特）之妻，掌管著婚姻和生育分娩的事務(wù)。六月一度被認(rèn)為是仲夏月。

　　　July

　　七月

　　The first month in the calendar named after a real person， July was named in honour of Julius Caesar after his death in 44 BC， July being the month of his birth。 Before it was renamed， the month was known as Quintilis （borrowed into English as Quintile）， which means ‘fifth’。 If you’ve been counting， you’ll know that July isn’t the fifth month： we’ll come on to that when we reach September and October。

　　這是第一個(gè)以人名命名的月份，“July”的命名是為了紀(jì)念Julius Caesar（裘里斯凱撒），他于公元前44年去世，七月正好是他出生的月份。在這個(gè)月份更名之前，它叫做“Quintilis”，英語中即為“Quintile”，意為“第五”。如果你會(huì)數(shù)數(shù)的話，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，“July”并不是第五個(gè)月份。關(guān)于這個(gè)問題，等我們提到“September” 和“October”的時(shí)候再解釋。

　　August

　　八月

　　Following suit， in 8 BC， the month Sextilis （‘sixth’） was renamed after Augustus， the first Roman emperor， who had died six years earlier。 Augustus himself was given this title when he became emperor， having previously been known as Octavian。 It came from the Latin augustus meaning ‘consecrated， venerable’ which gave rise to the English adjective august， ‘respected and impressive’。

　　同樣地，在公元前8世紀(jì)，Sextilis （‘sixth’）這個(gè)月更名了，以羅馬第一位帝王Augustus（奧古斯都）命名。他于公元前8世紀(jì)前六年去世。奧古斯都在他成為帝王的那一天起也更名為“August，之前他叫做“Octavian”（屋大維）。這個(gè)詞來源于拉丁語“augustus”，意為“神圣的，值得尊敬的 ”，這也就賦予了英譯詞匯“august”（這里作為形容詞）“值得尊敬的”的意思。

　　　September

　　九月

　　September follows on from Quinitlis and Sextilis， in that it comes from the Latin septem， ‘seven’。 As with those （and the rest of the calendar）， the numbering is a bit off now： September was originally the seventh month in an ancient Roman ten-month calendar， which started with March。

　　“September”之所以在“Quinitlis”和“Sextilis”之后，因?yàn)樗鼇碓从诶≌Z“septem”，這里是第七的意思。這樣的話，算上日歷本里剩下的月份，我們現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)混亂了。“September”起初在古羅馬10個(gè)月的日歷中是排第七個(gè)的，那個(gè)10個(gè)月的日歷中，第一個(gè)月份是“March”。

　　　October

　　十月

　　More of the same： octo is the Latin for ‘eight’， for that ten month calendar。 Two months were added to the end of the calendar year around 713 BC， and the beginning of the year was moved to 1 January in 153 BC。

　　同樣地，“octo”在拉丁語中是“eight”（八）的意思，因?yàn)槟莻€(gè)10個(gè)月的日歷。大約在公元前713年的時(shí)候，日歷的最后加上了兩個(gè)月，在公元前153年的時(shí)候，一年的開始從一月份計(jì)算了。

　　November

　　十一月

　　The pattern continues： November comes from novem， ‘nine’。 November is also， we’re afraid， used ‘with allusion to November’s position at the end of the year， and to the characteristic greyness， gloominess， etc。， associated with it in the northern hemisphere’。 The earliest known example of this allusive use comes from Jane Austen’s posthumously published novel Persuasion。

　　同上：“November”來自“novem”，在古羅馬日歷中位于第9個(gè)月。我們覺得“November”同樣也暗指它處在年末，具有灰暗，晦暗的意思，通常和北半球有關(guān)。這個(gè)暗指性地用法最早出現(xiàn)在簡(jiǎn)奧斯汀死后出版的小說《說服》。

　　December

　　十二月

　　And we finish off the year with December， from decem， ‘ten’。 The month also comes with a brace of adjectives： Decemberish and Decemberly， the latter of which can also be used as an adverb。 And there you have it： a whole calendar year of etymologies to see you through the whole of 2016。

　　最后我們來講講“December”，來源于“decem”，最初指的是十月。這個(gè)詞還有一些形容詞形式：“Decemberish”和“Decemberly”，后者還可以作為副詞。好了，這就是和2016年所有月份的有關(guān)的典故來源了。